Linus Pauling Biography

Linus Carl Pauling  (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994)  was the only person to receive two unshared Nobel Prizes—for Chemistry in 1954 and for Peace in 1962. Pauling published over 1200 books and papers on a wide variety of topics, but is best known for his work in the fields of quantum chemistry and biochemistry. Early Years Linus Pauling was the oldest child of Herman Henry William Pauling and Lucy Isabelle Darling. In 1904, the family moved to Oswego, Orgeon, where Herman opened a drugstore. In 1905, the Pauling family  moved to Condon, Oregon. Herman Pauling died in 1910 of a perforated ulcer, leaving Lucy to care for Linus and his sisters Lucile and Pauline. Pauling had a friend (Lloyd Jeffress, who became an acoustic scientist and psychology professor)  who owned a chemistry kit. Linus attributed his interest in becoming a chemist to early experiments Jeffress performed when the boys were both 13. At age 15, Linus entered Oregon Agricultural College (later to become Oregon State University), but he was lacking the history requirements for a high school diploma. Washington High School awarded Pauling a high school diploma 45 years later, after he had won the Nobel Prize. Pauling worked while in college to help support his mother. He met his future wide, Ava Helen Miller, while working as a teaching assistant for a home economics chemistry course. In 1922, Pauling graduated from Oregon Agricultural College with a degree in chemical engineering. He enrolled as a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, studying crystal structure analysis using X-ray diffraction under Richard Tolman and Roscoe Dickinson. In 1925, he received a Ph.D. in physical chemistry and mathematical physics, graduating summa cum laude. In 1926, Pauling traveled to Europe under a Guggenheim Fellowship, to study under physicists  Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Niels Bohr. Career Highlights Pauling studied and published in numerous fields, including chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, medicine, and politics. He applied quantum mechanics to explain the formation of chemical bonds. He established the electronegativity scale to predict covalent and ionic bonding. To explain covalent bonding, he proposed bond resonance and bond-orbital hybridization. The final three decades of Paulings research career focused on health and physiology. In 1934, he explored the magnetic properties of hemoglobin and how antigens and antibodies function in immunity. In 1940 he proposed a hand-in-glove model of molecular complements, which applied not only to serology, but also paved the way for Watson and Cricks description of DNA structure. He identified sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease, leading to human genome research. In World War II, Pauling invented missile propellants and an explosive named linusite. He developed synthetic blood plasma for battlefield use. He invented an oxygen meter to monitor air quality in planes and submarines that was later applied for surgery and infant incubators. Pauling proposed a molecular theory for how general anesthesia works. Pauling was an outspoken opponent to nuclear tests and arms. This led to revocation of his passport, as international travel was deemed by the State Department  to be  not in the best interests of the United States. His passport was reinstated when he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. For the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited Paulings work on the nature of the chemical bond, his studies of the structure of crystals and molecules, and description of protein structure (specifically the alpha helix). Pauling used his fame as a laureate to further social activism. He  applied scientific data to describe how radioactive fallout would increase cancer and birth defect rates. October 10, 1963 was the day it was announced Linus Pauling would be awarded the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize and also the day the limited test ban on nuclear weapons (U.S., U.S.S.R., Great Britain) went into effect. Notable Awards Linus Pauling received many honors and awards throughout his distinguished career. Among the most notable: 1931 - Irving Langmuir Award1947 - Davy Medal1954 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry1962 - Nobel Peace Prize1967 - Roebling Medal1968-69 - Lenin Peace Prize1974 - National Medal of Science1977 - Lomonosov Gold Medal1979 - NAS Award in Chemical Sciences1984 - Priestley Medal1989 - Vannevar Bush Award Legacy Pauling died at his home in Big Sur, California of prostate cancer at the age of 93 on August 19, 1994. Although a grave marker was placed in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego Oregon, his and his wifes ashes were not buried there until 2005. Linus and Lucy had four children: Linus Jr., Peter, Linda, and Crellin. They had 15 grandchildren and 19 great-grandchildren. Linus Pauling is remembered as the father of molecular biology and one of the founders of quantum chemistry. His concepts of electronegativity and electron orbital hybridization are taught in modern chemistry.

The Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay - 1486 Words

Whistle-blowing Whistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. When an individual discovers evidence of malpractice or misconduct in an organization he/ she faces an ethical dilemma in which a decision has to be made. Either present documentation or turn the blind eye and not acknowledge the situation. Such information can be classified as a violation of company policy, rules, and regulations or a threat to public interest, national security, as well as fraud and corruption. Those that choose to become whistle-blowers can disclose their information either internal or external. Internal, whistle-blower, is an individual that can bring information or accusations to the attention of other people within the accused company such as a supervisor. The supervisor then has to follow protocol and procedures to address the issue. However, if the supervisor cannot contain the issue, it will escalate to a higher level of management. External whistle-blowing allegations are brought forth by involving outside third party, such as media, law enforcement, and government. In some cases, external whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary rewards. There is also a third party service which utilizes an external agency to inform upper management without disclosing the identity of the whistleblower. This action was developed because of whistleblowingShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesWhistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. When an individual discovers evidence of malpractice or misconduct in an organization he/ she faces an ethical dilemma in which a decision has to be made. 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The Importance of the 14th Amendment Free Essays

The fourteenth amendment covers equal protection as well as due process. One of the most influential amendments that is still playing a huge role even today in the court system is the equal protection clause. This clause which states in section 1 â€Å"No State shall†¦ deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the 14th Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now † In section 5, the Amendment establishes the federal civil rights legislation: â€Å"The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. These clauses have been the basis for many court challenges, and ultimately the Supreme Court must decide if discrimination issues are unreasonably discriminatory against a particular group or class of individuals. This country has witnessed laws challenged under this Amendment such as the separate but equal laws, also known as Jim Crow laws. The Supreme Court must use three different tests to determine if a law breaks the equal protection clause. The three tests are to include strict scrutiny, which prevents certain groups from practicing a fundamental right, such as freedom of speech. The law must be a compelling state interest. A law based on a suspect classification such as race falls under this test. There must be justification that a law is written and it is a compelling state interest. The next test is intermediate scrutiny. This is more difficult for the Court to decide on, but under this test, laws based on gender classification are allowed only when they are clearly related to a government issue. The punishment for statutory rape was an example used. Men are punished but women generally aren’t. The reason being, women are the ones who become pregnant, so an over age man who impregnates an under aged girl has left her dealing with the ramifications of his actions. It is not as clear cut with an over aged women and under aged male. Yet having separate drinking ages for males and females does not meet the criteria of the intermediate scrutiny because it is unreasonable to think there should be any different in the genders in this case. The last test is the rational test. Most laws pass this test as most laws are reasonable. An example given was a city that didn’t want street venders in a certain area of town. The city just needs to show that it is reasonable to not want venders in an area because the city doesn’t want an increase in traffic issues in an area, or any other reasonable justification for prohibiting certain actions. This clause however has been used to eventually overturn the idea that separate but equal is constitutional. In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated school was a violation and even harmful to children. Much of the civil rights movement was based on this clause, that all people are to be equal under the eyes of the law. Today we are looking at very similar battles going on in our courts. It is no longer an issue of race or even gender, but disabilities and sexual orientation. Many are fighting for their equal protection under the law. They aren’t asking for special treatment, just equal treatment, as protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. How to cite The Importance of the 14th Amendment, Essay examples

Chandas Secret free essay sample

The disease infects the sick persons body. The stigma of the disease affects everyone. In Chandas Secret, people are afraid of HIV/AIDS. They were so scared, even the word is forbidden word.  They say that other thing instead of AIDS. Everyone around her started to die suddenly because they were infected by AIDS. Her step-father Jonah, best friend Esther’s parents, Mrs. Tafa’s son and Chanda’s youngest sister Sara, she was very affected by her younger sister’s death as they were very poor so they couldn’t afford money for the coffin of Sara. When Esther’s parent died, Esther and her younger siblings were affected by the death of their parents as they were very poor. So Esther and her sibling had to separate away from each other. And the only way Esther could made money was to become a prostitute. Mrs. Tafa says that her son Emmanuel died from a hunting accident but at the end she admitted that her son died from stigma as his test come out positive. We will write a custom essay sample on Chandas Secret or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So he could not handle it so he had to shot himself. Mrs. Tafa lied about her son ; death to hide from the shame and disrespect to her family. The stigma of the disease keeps everyone silent. Taking the test is scary. But living with the disease is worse. (145). People were afraid of knowing the truth. They prefer to live in fear than to know the truth. The stigma has taken all the courage from the people. People such as Esther and Lillian do not want to ask for help. They have several reasons to keep their sickness in secret. First of all, they were afraid that when people know they talk about them. â€Å"She has the disease, Gods curse. . People think getting HIV is a punishment from God of having too much sex. Their family, neighbors and friend look down on them. They think that person is sleeping with anyone. They think they are dirty or impure. Second, their family thinks that person dishonors their family and ancestor. They think the person is a shame for the family. The family wont recognize the person as a member of the family. And the last one, they think telling the truth, people around them wont love him/her anymore. They leave the person alone. All these factors make them live in the shadow and with stigma. Every day technology improves and new inventions are discovered. Maybe in the future they might find a cure to fight against AIDS. So that people can live without stigma and fear and get hope that they can be cure from AIDS. Elvin Renghen