Analysis and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essays

Examination and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essays Examination and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essay Examination and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essay Of the recently manufactured Bridgess, link stayed Bridgess are today extremely regular worldwide for ranges runing somewhere in the range of 200 and 900 meters. An abroad wire stayed range has at least one towers ( Pylons ) from which the abroad wires bolster the deck. This paper gives demonstrating, investigation and plan of a prestressed harp type singular arch abroad wire stayed length using MIDAS Civil. Catchphrases: abroad wire stayed, box support, prestressing, MIDAS Civil Introduction Of the recently manufactured Bridgess, link stayed Bridgess are today extremely regular worldwide for ranges runing somewhere in the range of 200 and 900 meters. An abroad message stayed length has at least one towers ( Pylons ) from which the abroad wires bolster the deck. There are two significant classifications of link stayed Bridgess: harp and fan.In the harp plan, the abroad wires are about equal with the goal that the stature of their affectionate respect to the pinnacle is like the good ways from the pinnacle to their hop on the deck.In the fan structure, the abroad messages all interface with or base on balls over the highest point of the towers. The link stayed length is ideal for ranges longer than cantilever Bridgess, and shorter than suspension Bridgess. This is the extension where cantilever Bridgess would rapidly go heavier if the range was extended, and suspension length broadcasting would non be progressively efficient if the range was abbreviated Cable-stayed Bridgess may appear to be like suspension Bridgess, however in actuality they are fairly extraordinary in rule and in their structure. In suspension Bridgess, enormous boss abroad messages ( normally 2 ) twisted between the towers ( generally 2 ) , and are tied down at every terminal to the land though in the link stayed length, the towers are the essential supporting developments which transmitt the range burdens to the land. A cantilever assault is every now and again used to back up the range deck close to the towers, however lengths farther from them are bolstered by abroad messages running directly to the towers. General introduction of the development The range is an individual arch abroad message stayed length holding a harp-type understanding of the abroad wires. The whole length of the abroad message stayed range is 700m with a main range of 350m. The range development conveys 6 course paths isolated into 2 carriageways. The deck comprises of performers in topographic point prestressed box braces Whole broadness of the range is 29.8m. Development procedure The boss 350 m length will be constructed using the cantilever strategy, get bringing down from the wharfs P4 A ; P5 simultaneously. The two cantilevers will be associated at mid range by the mean of a join segment. The decent cantilevers are thrown by segments of 3.5 m long, using a signifier voyager. The segment ( n ) is associated with old area ( n-1 ) by ligaments ( inward pre-focusing on ) . This technique is utilized for the initial 10 segments from arch. After eleventh segment, no cantilever ligament is required as the segments will be bolstered by remain abroad messages tensioned progressively with working of areas. Subsequently fabricating musicality of areas after eleventh one incorporates introducing and tensioning of remain abroad message before remotion and propelling of signifier voyager. Material highlights: Concrete: M50 grade solid will be utilized for deck and arches. M50 grade solid will be utilized for Piers. Concrete belongingss will be founded on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Youthful modulus according to IRC codification is given in the accompanying even cluster ( IRC:21  § 303.1. ) : Shear modulus of solid, G, is determined using the undermentioned condition: E= Ec/2 ( 1+? ) The coefficient of thermic development and compression for ordinary weight concrete is taken as 1.17?10-5/ °C. Thickness of the pre-focused on concrete is taken equivalent to 25 KN/m3. Steel support: Thermo-precisely rewarded help bars of class 414 adjusting to IS:1786 will be embraced. Yielding quality of latent steel support is viewed as equivalent to 414 MPa and Young modulus equivalent to 200 000 Mpa. Particular proportion among cement and steel will be taken equivalent to 10. Dead tonss: oneself weight is determined assuming a thickness of 25 KN/m3 for fortified and prestressed concrete. A thickness of 7.85 t/m3 is to be considered for steel. Live Tonss: Traffic live loads-The unrecorded tonss are in congruity with IRC:6-2000. The range has two carriageways of three paths each and of 11 m expansiveness. Every carriageway will be stacked with three paths of IRC class A weight. Passerby unrecorded weight ( PLL ) The pes way replenishing will be according to proviso 209 of IRC:6 with quality of filling equivalent to 500 kg/m? . Wind trouble for abroad wire stayed length: Harmonizing to IS:875 ( parcel 3 ) - 1987 Wind stacks on unrecorded tonss ( WL ) The sidelong air current power against voyaging unrecorded tonss will be considered as moving at 1.5 m over the roadway and will be accepted equivalent to 300 kg/m. Creep and Shrinkage ( C A ; S ) Creep and contracting impacts to be considered according to CEB-FIP codification for abroad wire stayed range Earthquake tonss Rajasthan is situated in seismal zone II. The level seismal coefficient in longitudinal manner will be determined by IS 1893:2002 Construction tonss: Normal opposite burdens A structure weight of 50 kg/m2 will be considered during cantilever hard-on. Weight of the voyager signifier is thought to be equivalent to 85 dozenss. An effect of 10 % will be considered for the voyaging building tonss. M IDAS MODEL of box: ( Half range ) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications ( Third Edition, 2005 Interim Revisions ) ; AASHTO †Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design ( second version †2000 ) ; AASHTO †Guide Specifications for Design A ; Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges ( 1999 ) ; IRC:6-2000 Standard Specifications A ; Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II, Loads A ; emphasiss ( fourth release †2000 ) ; for meaning of the unrecorded tonss and earthquake tonss simply ; IS:875 ( parcel 3 ) - 1987 Code of example for structure tonss ( other than quake ) for buildings and developments ; for air current loads just ; Necessities of Bridge innovation by D.Johnson Victor Scaffold Engineering Handbook Edited by Wai-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, CRC Press

Zeus And Odin Essay Example For Students

Zeus And Odin Essay Zeus and Odin Zeus is the leader of the Greek divine beings. He is the child of Cronosand Rhea, in truth the main child of these two to get by to adulthood. Zeus hadbeen covered up by Rhea so that Cronos would not swallow him like he had all ofhis other posterity; he had been cautioned that one of his kids wouldeventually topple him. Rhea sent Zeus to the island of Crete where he wasraised. Zeus in the end executed his dad. After he murdered Cronos, he reestablished lifeto his siblings and sisters. He at that point drew parcels with his siblings Poseidon andHades to see who might become leader of the different pieces of the universe. We will compose a custom exposition on Zeus And Odin explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Zeus won the draw and turned into the incomparable leader of the divine beings. He is master ofthe sky, the downpour god. His weapon is a jolt, made for him by theCyclopes under the bearing of Hephaestus, which he heaves at those whodisplease him. He wedded a progression of mates with whom he had manychildren including: Athena, The Fates, Ares, Apollo, Artemis, and Hermes. His last, and most notable spouse is Hera however he is celebrated for his manyaffairs. Odin is the pioneer of the Norse divine beings and has a heap of namesincluding Allfather, Ygg, Bolverk (wrongdoer), and Grimnir. He additionally includes manyfunctions inside the legends including being a lord of war, verse, intelligence, anddeath. Notwithstanding, he isn't viewed as the principle divine force of every one of thesefunctions. Odins image is his enchanted lance named Grungir which nevermisses its imprint. He additionally claims an enchantment ring called Draupnir which can createnine of itself consistently. It was this ring Odin laid on his child Baldersfuneral fire and which Balder came back to Odin from the black market. Odinalso has two wolves, Geri and Freki, and two ravens, Hugin (thought) andMunin (memory). He sends his ravens out each day to accumulate information forhim. Odin was bound to pass on at Ragnarok; Fenris-Wolf gulped him. Knowing his destiny, he despite everything decided to grasp it and do fight, demonstrating the truewarrior ethic. He is the divine force of warriors and lords, not the regular man. Among his youngsters are:Thor, Hermod, and Balder. He is hitched to Frigg, thegoddess of marriage. The main clear closeness among Zeus and Odin is intheir appearance. Both are huge men, however they are not portrayed as fatmen. Both look extremely incredible and premonition. They likewise are both indicated ashaving whiskers. A whiskers speaks to masculinity, in a fundamental route as facial hairis something that each man can have. In this sense the whiskers as a signaturefeature of these divine beings gets a feeling of connection to the individuals inside thesocieties that loved them. On the off chance that they had an alternate mark include, forexample wings, this would expel the divine beings from the regular man. Thebeard is something customary individuals can identify with. It might likewise be of note thatthe cliché perspective on Vikings and Norsemen quite often includesbeards on the men. Possibly they were attempting to copy their head god ormaybe the god was made in the pic ture of the conventional man. Here is thedirect correlation. Zeus and Odin were individual leaders over the divine beings intheir folklores. Zeus was known for maintaining the law and social request. Infact, one of his titles was Zeus Horkios which actually implies the Guarantor ofOaths. This is very comparative ot Odins recording of the considerable number of laws, contracts andagreements onto his lance which he will undoubtedly maintain. The two of them had theirpalaces in the sky somewhat. Mt. Olympus was high (in themythologies; the genuine Mt. Olympus is a mountain, however not high.) It is alsoimportant to take note of that when the three siblings (Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades)were choosing which part of the world each would get, Zeus picked the sky. .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 , .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 .postImageUrl , .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 , .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058:hover , .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058:visited , .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058:active { border:0!important; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058:active , .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185 b1885ba7b058 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u30272da9e67625b8a185b1885ba7b058:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Chad Vonder Haar: Untrustworthiness is an issue with todays youth EssayThere are numerous accounts of Zeus looking down from Mt. Olympus into the livesof other men. This is additionally the situation with Odin. He could watch different people,gods and humans the same, from his seat Hlidskialf in Asgard, Asgard being thepalace in the sky where the divine beings met. So there are unmistakable similaritiesbetween Asgard and Mt. Olympus: both were in the sky, both took into account theobservation of the remainder of the world, both were the gathering place for the godsin their individual folklores. The activities of the two divine beings are very importantto take a gander at also. Zeus is notable for going off into the universe of mortalsand attempting to have relations with the humans. As a rule he would changeshape so as to achieve this. He accepting such structures as a bull, swan, goldenshower, and a quail, for instance. This shape-moving was additionally a commonplace actionof Odin. He changed himself into creatures at times, for example, a snake or aneagle. (Curiously, Zeus is frequently delineated as a falcon!) But, more regularly thannot, Odin changed himself into The Wanderer. In this structure he was known towear a long dim shroud and a wide overflowed cap that secured or cast shadowsover his missing eye. In this structure he endeavored, on numerous events, to haverelations, regularly producing posterity. There is one story of Odin and Rindwhere Odin must change his shape on various occasions to address the issues of Rindwho he is charming. He changes from commander of her dads armed force to a smithto a w arrior lastly is acknowledged into her arms simply in the wake of taking his naturalform as a divine being. This raises one significant distinction between the two: theattitudes of the two individual spouses of the divine beings, Hera and Frigg. Hera iswell-known for her envious and vindictive responses to Zeus activities. However,Frigg doesn't have a similar response. To see the improvement of thisthought, see the spouses page. Another shared characteristic of the two divine beings is theirinteraction with humans. In both their meeting and helping of these humans Zeusand Odin distinguished certain individuals that they thought about incredible and offered themtheir help. This backings the hypothesis that these folklores, in light of the fact that theywere serving commonly less-propelled social orders (modernly, socially andintellectually), made divine beings who might descend and truly interactwith humans, gave the divine beings a feeling of substantial quality to the general publi c. At this pointcould a general public have had the option to acknowledge a faultless, all-powerful being,especially one on an enormous level, instead of a physical level? In the event that a divine being couldcome to a man and truly help him, that would be a motivating force to believeand venerate. Both of these divine beings have a particular image of intensity. Zeus hashis lighting jolt, and Odin has his lance. Both of these things have a somewhatnegative translation. Lighting is a dangerous power and a lance is a weaponused to slaughter. In our general public, divine beings are normally shown to have a very positivelight encompassing them and a weapon may appear to be weird to us as an image of agod. We should likewise observe that the divine beings both utilized their particular weapons bythrowing them. Perhaps this is the start of the contemplations of an inestimable substance the divine beings didn't need to be truly there, however could extend theirintentions from a far dist ance. The way that both of these images were damaging inone structure or another brings up a couple of issues: Were these societies searching for adestructive god? Is it safe to say that they were still at an express that a crude representation ofman was wanted as a divine being? Were these social orders taking a gander at disarray anddestruction as being more significant in the general public than request? It might be thatthe dread that they conjure will have individuals believing that they can be punished,and in the event that they are rebuffed it won't be a straightforward slap on the wrist, but instead aspear or lightning jolt flung at them. So I accept that this dread was usedwhen the legends were as a rule initially designed with the goal that one would

How Is Reiki Used and Is It for Real

How Is Reiki Used and Is It for Real Spirituality Print How Reiki Is Used for Treatment By Naveed Saleh, MD, MS twitter linkedin Naveed Saleh, MD, MS, is a medical writer and editor covering new treatments and trending health news. Learn about our editorial policy Naveed Saleh, MD, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Richard Fogoros, MD on April 03, 2015 Richard N. Fogoros, MD, is a retired professor of medicine and board-certified internal medicine physician and cardiologist. He is Verywells Senior Medical Advisor. Learn about our Medical Review Board Richard Fogoros, MD Updated on January 02, 2020 karelnoppe/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Spirituality Happiness Meditation Stress Management Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All At any given moment, you can search in any major medical database and find (at least) 1000 times more information on conventional medicine than complementary alternative medicine. Nevertheless, all types of complementary medicine are practiced regularly throughout the world. Even in the United States, a pillar of Western thought and medicine, according to 2007 National Health Survey, 38 percent of Americans engaged in mind-medicine, energy medicine, massage, naturopathic medicine, and countless other forms of complementary alternative medicine. What Is Reiki? Reiki is the ritualized medical practice of laying hands. Albeit, a lot more low-key than the stereotypical evangelical practice of laying hands, Reiki nevertheless involves the transfer of energy with the practitioner as a conduit. Purportedly, this universal energy or ki has healing effects. During a Reiki session, a holistic healer will focus on unrestricted breathing and apply hand movements to your fully clothed body in a relaxed environment.  Reiki has a strong following among many people who practice integrative medicine. It is usually used to treat stress. We know little about Reiki and other types of complementary alternative medicine, yet so many people enjoy and benefit from it. Its difficult to tell somebodyâ€"especially an adherentâ€"that Reiki, a form of energy medicine, is fake. Furthermore, if you are a Reiki practitioner, then more power to you; it works in some way for you. The mind-body connection is infrangible and strong. Is There Any Research? The current studies out there on Reiki are mostly low-quality, low power, and riddled with bias.  Furthermore, its difficult to determine how to measure the effects of Reiki; researchers have looked at depression, satisfaction, well-being, anxiety, and more. In academic reviews on Reiki, some researchers realize that although its evident that we have no evidence that Reiki works, its impossible to rule in the null hypothesis and simply conclude that Reiki does nothing more than sham treatment. However, its unclear how to exactly rectify this problemâ€"how to design a study that actually tests the very personal experience and benefit of another person laying hands on you. The Healing Powers of Touch and Spirituality We do know that spirituality means a lot to many people who are sick. Patient spirituality and support improve  health outcomes including cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, the healing power of touch is an empathetic and personal interaction with numerous tangible health benefits. Specifically, a growing amount of research on osteopathic manipulation treatment links touch with healing. Mechanistically, it figures that Reiki and many other types of touch therapy could mediate the release of neurotransmitters like reward-processing dopamine and oxytocin. Ultimately, if you believe that Reiki works, and you want and can afford to make Reiki (or any other safe complementary alternative medicine practice) a part of your life, then you should. Even skeptics of such intervention would have trouble denying that, at the very least, Reiki confers the placebo effect in those who believe. Final Thoughts While doing research for this article, I noticed that a 2013 Cochrane review on touch therapy had been conspicuously withdrawn by the publisher. At first, this decision made me suspect, but after learning more about Reiki, I am no longer rankled by this discovery. Although we definitely need more research on the subject, with the little low-quality research that we do have on Reiki, maybe an overarching meta-analysis is premature. Were still at a point when it may be good to look at case studies and retrospective accounts in order to flesh out future research questions and come up with hypotheses that might have legs. Can Tibetan Singing Bowls Help Lessen Stress?

Linus Pauling Biography

Linus Carl Pauling  (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994)  was the only person to receive two unshared Nobel Prizes—for Chemistry in 1954 and for Peace in 1962. Pauling published over 1200 books and papers on a wide variety of topics, but is best known for his work in the fields of quantum chemistry and biochemistry. Early Years Linus Pauling was the oldest child of Herman Henry William Pauling and Lucy Isabelle Darling. In 1904, the family moved to Oswego, Orgeon, where Herman opened a drugstore. In 1905, the Pauling family  moved to Condon, Oregon. Herman Pauling died in 1910 of a perforated ulcer, leaving Lucy to care for Linus and his sisters Lucile and Pauline. Pauling had a friend (Lloyd Jeffress, who became an acoustic scientist and psychology professor)  who owned a chemistry kit. Linus attributed his interest in becoming a chemist to early experiments Jeffress performed when the boys were both 13. At age 15, Linus entered Oregon Agricultural College (later to become Oregon State University), but he was lacking the history requirements for a high school diploma. Washington High School awarded Pauling a high school diploma 45 years later, after he had won the Nobel Prize. Pauling worked while in college to help support his mother. He met his future wide, Ava Helen Miller, while working as a teaching assistant for a home economics chemistry course. In 1922, Pauling graduated from Oregon Agricultural College with a degree in chemical engineering. He enrolled as a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, studying crystal structure analysis using X-ray diffraction under Richard Tolman and Roscoe Dickinson. In 1925, he received a Ph.D. in physical chemistry and mathematical physics, graduating summa cum laude. In 1926, Pauling traveled to Europe under a Guggenheim Fellowship, to study under physicists  Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Niels Bohr. Career Highlights Pauling studied and published in numerous fields, including chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, medicine, and politics. He applied quantum mechanics to explain the formation of chemical bonds. He established the electronegativity scale to predict covalent and ionic bonding. To explain covalent bonding, he proposed bond resonance and bond-orbital hybridization. The final three decades of Paulings research career focused on health and physiology. In 1934, he explored the magnetic properties of hemoglobin and how antigens and antibodies function in immunity. In 1940 he proposed a hand-in-glove model of molecular complements, which applied not only to serology, but also paved the way for Watson and Cricks description of DNA structure. He identified sickle cell anemia as a molecular disease, leading to human genome research. In World War II, Pauling invented missile propellants and an explosive named linusite. He developed synthetic blood plasma for battlefield use. He invented an oxygen meter to monitor air quality in planes and submarines that was later applied for surgery and infant incubators. Pauling proposed a molecular theory for how general anesthesia works. Pauling was an outspoken opponent to nuclear tests and arms. This led to revocation of his passport, as international travel was deemed by the State Department  to be  not in the best interests of the United States. His passport was reinstated when he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. For the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited Paulings work on the nature of the chemical bond, his studies of the structure of crystals and molecules, and description of protein structure (specifically the alpha helix). Pauling used his fame as a laureate to further social activism. He  applied scientific data to describe how radioactive fallout would increase cancer and birth defect rates. October 10, 1963 was the day it was announced Linus Pauling would be awarded the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize and also the day the limited test ban on nuclear weapons (U.S., U.S.S.R., Great Britain) went into effect. Notable Awards Linus Pauling received many honors and awards throughout his distinguished career. Among the most notable: 1931 - Irving Langmuir Award1947 - Davy Medal1954 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry1962 - Nobel Peace Prize1967 - Roebling Medal1968-69 - Lenin Peace Prize1974 - National Medal of Science1977 - Lomonosov Gold Medal1979 - NAS Award in Chemical Sciences1984 - Priestley Medal1989 - Vannevar Bush Award Legacy Pauling died at his home in Big Sur, California of prostate cancer at the age of 93 on August 19, 1994. Although a grave marker was placed in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego Oregon, his and his wifes ashes were not buried there until 2005. Linus and Lucy had four children: Linus Jr., Peter, Linda, and Crellin. They had 15 grandchildren and 19 great-grandchildren. Linus Pauling is remembered as the father of molecular biology and one of the founders of quantum chemistry. His concepts of electronegativity and electron orbital hybridization are taught in modern chemistry.

The Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay - 1486 Words

Whistle-blowing Whistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. When an individual discovers evidence of malpractice or misconduct in an organization he/ she faces an ethical dilemma in which a decision has to be made. Either present documentation or turn the blind eye and not acknowledge the situation. Such information can be classified as a violation of company policy, rules, and regulations or a threat to public interest, national security, as well as fraud and corruption. Those that choose to become whistle-blowers can disclose their information either internal or external. Internal, whistle-blower, is an individual that can bring information or accusations to the attention of other people within the accused company such as a supervisor. The supervisor then has to follow protocol and procedures to address the issue. However, if the supervisor cannot contain the issue, it will escalate to a higher level of management. External whistle-blowing allegations are brought forth by involving outside third party, such as media, law enforcement, and government. In some cases, external whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary rewards. There is also a third party service which utilizes an external agency to inform upper management without disclosing the identity of the whistleblower. This action was developed because of whistleblowingShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Whistle Blowing Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesWhistle-blowing is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical or not correct either private or public within an organization or company. When an individual discovers evidence of malpractice or misconduct in an organization he/ she faces an ethical dilemma in which a decision has to be made. 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It sometimes requires uncommon courage, as whistle-blowing in the workplace is not so easy to do. What motivates you? Is it revenge, ethics or a combination? To take a closer look, let’s consider what is whistle blowing and explore a few conditions used to justify whistle-blowing, and concluded with how companies can benefit from a whistle-blowing policy. What isRead MoreEthical Norms Of The Workplace Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesare times when an employee finds themselves in an ethical dilemma, unable to comply with these mandates and are forced to take actions that are in direct opposition of them. When faced with this situation an employee may make the choice to blow the whistle, either internally or externally, or to remain silent and become an observer of this misguided behavior. Studies have shown that nearly half of employees that are aware of wrongdoing choose to remain silent (MacGregor Steubs, 2014). You may wonder

The Importance of the 14th Amendment Free Essays

The fourteenth amendment covers equal protection as well as due process. One of the most influential amendments that is still playing a huge role even today in the court system is the equal protection clause. This clause which states in section 1 â€Å"No State shall†¦ deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of the 14th Amendment or any similar topic only for you Order Now † In section 5, the Amendment establishes the federal civil rights legislation: â€Å"The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. These clauses have been the basis for many court challenges, and ultimately the Supreme Court must decide if discrimination issues are unreasonably discriminatory against a particular group or class of individuals. This country has witnessed laws challenged under this Amendment such as the separate but equal laws, also known as Jim Crow laws. The Supreme Court must use three different tests to determine if a law breaks the equal protection clause. The three tests are to include strict scrutiny, which prevents certain groups from practicing a fundamental right, such as freedom of speech. The law must be a compelling state interest. A law based on a suspect classification such as race falls under this test. There must be justification that a law is written and it is a compelling state interest. The next test is intermediate scrutiny. This is more difficult for the Court to decide on, but under this test, laws based on gender classification are allowed only when they are clearly related to a government issue. The punishment for statutory rape was an example used. Men are punished but women generally aren’t. The reason being, women are the ones who become pregnant, so an over age man who impregnates an under aged girl has left her dealing with the ramifications of his actions. It is not as clear cut with an over aged women and under aged male. Yet having separate drinking ages for males and females does not meet the criteria of the intermediate scrutiny because it is unreasonable to think there should be any different in the genders in this case. The last test is the rational test. Most laws pass this test as most laws are reasonable. An example given was a city that didn’t want street venders in a certain area of town. The city just needs to show that it is reasonable to not want venders in an area because the city doesn’t want an increase in traffic issues in an area, or any other reasonable justification for prohibiting certain actions. This clause however has been used to eventually overturn the idea that separate but equal is constitutional. In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated school was a violation and even harmful to children. Much of the civil rights movement was based on this clause, that all people are to be equal under the eyes of the law. Today we are looking at very similar battles going on in our courts. It is no longer an issue of race or even gender, but disabilities and sexual orientation. Many are fighting for their equal protection under the law. They aren’t asking for special treatment, just equal treatment, as protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. How to cite The Importance of the 14th Amendment, Essay examples

Chandas Secret free essay sample

The disease infects the sick persons body. The stigma of the disease affects everyone. In Chandas Secret, people are afraid of HIV/AIDS. They were so scared, even the word is forbidden word.  They say that other thing instead of AIDS. Everyone around her started to die suddenly because they were infected by AIDS. Her step-father Jonah, best friend Esther’s parents, Mrs. Tafa’s son and Chanda’s youngest sister Sara, she was very affected by her younger sister’s death as they were very poor so they couldn’t afford money for the coffin of Sara. When Esther’s parent died, Esther and her younger siblings were affected by the death of their parents as they were very poor. So Esther and her sibling had to separate away from each other. And the only way Esther could made money was to become a prostitute. Mrs. Tafa says that her son Emmanuel died from a hunting accident but at the end she admitted that her son died from stigma as his test come out positive. We will write a custom essay sample on Chandas Secret or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So he could not handle it so he had to shot himself. Mrs. Tafa lied about her son ; death to hide from the shame and disrespect to her family. The stigma of the disease keeps everyone silent. Taking the test is scary. But living with the disease is worse. (145). People were afraid of knowing the truth. They prefer to live in fear than to know the truth. The stigma has taken all the courage from the people. People such as Esther and Lillian do not want to ask for help. They have several reasons to keep their sickness in secret. First of all, they were afraid that when people know they talk about them. â€Å"She has the disease, Gods curse. . People think getting HIV is a punishment from God of having too much sex. Their family, neighbors and friend look down on them. They think that person is sleeping with anyone. They think they are dirty or impure. Second, their family thinks that person dishonors their family and ancestor. They think the person is a shame for the family. The family wont recognize the person as a member of the family. And the last one, they think telling the truth, people around them wont love him/her anymore. They leave the person alone. All these factors make them live in the shadow and with stigma. Every day technology improves and new inventions are discovered. Maybe in the future they might find a cure to fight against AIDS. So that people can live without stigma and fear and get hope that they can be cure from AIDS. Elvin Renghen

Motown Music free essay sample

Motown acts were enjoying a widespread popularity among black/white audiences alike where William â€Å"Smokey† Robinson stated â€Å"Into the 60s, I was still not of a frame of mind that we were not only making music, we were making history. But I did recognize the impact because acts were going all over the world at that time. I recognized the bridges that we crossed, the racial problems and the barriers that we broke down with music. I recognized that because I lived it. I would come to the South in the early days of Motown and the audiences would be segregated. Then they started to get the Motown music and we would go back and the audiences were integrated and the kids were dancing together and holding hands† Thus stating Motown’s cultural impact. The record company specialised in a ‘type’ of soul music it referred to with the trademark â€Å"The Motown Sound†, made and crafted with an ear towards pop appeal, Motown Sound typically used tambourines to accentuate the back beat, melodic electric bass-guitar lines, distinct melodic and chord structures, plus a call and response singing technique style that originated in gospel music. We will write a custom essay sample on Motown Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The use of complex arrangements and elaborate melismatic vocal riffs were avoided and Motown producers believed in the principle of â€Å"KISS† (Keep it simple, stupid). Many of Motown’s best-known and popular songs including The Supremes’ early hits were written by many important Motown producers and songwriters, such as William â€Å"Smokey† Robinson, Gloria Jones, Frank Wilson, Stevie Wonder, even Gordy himself, etc. Motown’s contribution to Music include being the first American music label owned by an African-American and to successfully market black artists to white mainstream audiences, responsible for discovering, mentoring, and perfecting a number of American popular music’s most influential and successful artists, etc. Urged on by one of his other artists, William â€Å"Smokey† Robinson, Gordy created the Motown Label as a pop counterpart to Tamla’s RB aspirations. 1960’s â€Å"Shop Around† by Smokey and the Miracles, was the label’s first pop smash where Gordy expanded his stable of mostly-black artists, grooming them to be ‘presentable’ to White America’.

Stravinsky essays

Stravinsky essays Igor Sikorsky was born in 1889 and died in 1972. He was born in Kiev Russia. He was born in Russia but he would say that the proudest day of his life was when he became a U.S. citizen. Although he loved to make helicopters and work with aeronauctics, he had other interests such as astronomy. Among his many other talents he was a writer, he wrote a short book called "The Message of the Lords Prayer" and an autobigraphy called the "Story of the Winged S". Many people refer to Sikorsky as the " Father of the Helicopter." Sikorsky did not want to accept the fact that people were calling him the " Father of the Helicopter." The book did not explain exactly why he thought he wasn't the "Father of the Helicopter". Igor invented three helicopters for the army. They were the XR-1, the Platt-LePage ( which because of it's big size had to be put under developmental changes) and a later model the VS-300 the armys third helicopter. This third helicopter was Sikorsky's best helicopter. The army iked it because it had three two bladed ajustable rotors and it could operate at zero air speed. Each of the rotors were about 4 feet in diameter. Igor Sikorsky went to Yale University and received a doctors degree for all of his achievments. Igor was renowned as a constructor of safe and reliable aircrafts. Igor called all of his helicopters "heli". The most successful of all of his helicopters was the - Igor Sikorsky died in 1972. When he died his son Sergei said"mourn that he is gone, be grateful that he was". They say Igor Siorsky ws the most gentle, mild mannered, gracious, and courteous individual there ever was. ...

Editorial essay Argument vs Description Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Editorial Argument vs Description - Essay Example Another argument is the chemical company’s (BASF) purchasing petroleum products allegedly stolen from Pemex by a Mexican cartel but the source was never acknowledged to be known. This is also an argument because the facts are not verifiable and the chemical company is arguing that their claim that they do not know the source of the petroleum is questionable given the amount of sale ($2 million) involved. The description in the editorial provides objective information as indicated in the portion where it was stipulated that â€Å"legalization would deliver a significant short-term hit to the cartels — if drug trafficking were the only activity they were engaged in. But cartels derive a growing slice of their income from other illegal activities† (Longmire par. 5). The details of succeeding illegal activities are likewise description of the kind and types (of illegal activities) that cartels are delving into to fuel their economic endeavors. Longmire actually argues that legalization of marijuana would not kill the cartels and actually aver that â€Å"legalization would move that trade into the open market, driving down the price and undermining the cartels’ power and influence† (Longmire par. 1). I agree to her contention that legalization of marijuana would not significantly impact or lessen the source of income for cartels as she described other illegal activities that the cartels have actually pursued. However, her supporting statements to validate the initial argument were weak in terms of focusing on other illegal activities as the source of other income for the cartels without expounding on the implications of how legalization of marijuana would not kill the cartels. The writer is commended for initially determining the percentage of cartels’ profits being generated from the sale of marijuana, revealed at

Ethic Case Opinion and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethic Case Opinion and Analysis - Essay Example The sum total of all the above challenges result in a high cost of labor which impacts negatively on the firm. Therefore, a worker-sensitive firm needs to put up a number of measures to curb this high labor costs, otherwise the company might face a competitive disadvantage in the market. The measures put forth should be ethical and fair both to the firm and the workers or employees. In cases where the measures are not fair, customers tend to distant themselves from the firm’s products or services and this impacts negatively on the firms’ share of the market. This is often the cause of a business gap between client prospect and what they basically get from the market. The misunderstanding caused between the client and the firm interferes with the projected incomes and sales. It is worth noting that there is a need to identify explicit criteria through extensive research that relates to labor resources and service delivery. There are two main methods of managing labor cos ts, controlling staffing and adjusting salaries paid. In the face of competitive forces, a firm has to adapt quickly since it is essential for the company to react to the changing conditions. The other way of dealing with company downsizing is to act on employees’ number. The actions chosen need not be ruthless but rather ethical. Actions such as compulsory early retirement or lay off in a firm need to be done in a selective manner. It is worth noting that the criteria chosen should take into consideration the needs of the workers. It should be creative so as to draw and keep employees. However, it should not compromise the operational efficiency or profit margins at any cost. It should be viable and reasonably ethical. Some of the ethical ways of reducing labor costs include job sharing and developing outreach programs. Question 2 The Golden Rule â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you† is an ecumenical and ethical standard that requires those who be lieve in it to consider the feelings and likes of others before acting. It is often referred to as the ethic of mutual exchange. This rule has often been applied in solving business related problems among other worlds’ problems. This paper seeks to explore the application of the golden rule in business ethics. It is a rule in business management that plays a big role in long term success of a firm. Ethics does not always pay but rather presents a central challenge towards good management to constantly align success and responsibility in business. (Maxwell 122) Executive management in firms faces a lot of challenges in trying to apply this rule because of the conflicting behaviour of human nature. However the golden rule underlies and protects codes of business conducts and responsible consumption. Golden rule actually works in a competitive business; this is because workers tend to be more motivated since they will have a feeling of being appreciated in their work. They will further put their own initiative and effort in work with minimum or no supervision as long as they are provided with good working environment. This is a policy that makes one feel respected. This does not only apply to the workers but also to the customers. Everyone wants to be treated with honor and respect in ways that enrich

The Industrialised Building System

The Industrialised Building System This chapter will explain in details and provide the literature review of Industrialised Building System (IBS). Besides that, it will also cover the literature review of building system. Usually, the contents of this chapter are including definitions of IBS, history of IBS in public housing, types of IBS, benefits and barriers of using IBS in public housing, classification of IBS, characteristic of IBS, IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 and IBS scoring system. 2.1 Definitions of IBS Until the present time there has been no single commonly-approved definition of IBS. IBS can be different industry players to define different things. However, there are difference resources to define the several definitions that reflected the concept of IBS which widely accepted by the construction industry. According to CIDB Malaysia (2001) defines IBS as a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. As such, components that are being prefabricated in a controlled environment on site are also considered as IBS. While there are numerous descriptions of the IBS concept by local researchers, all of the definitions stressed on prefabrication and mass production. In other definition by Warswaski (1999), the IBS can be defined in which all building such as walls, slabs, beams, columns and staircases are mass produced either in factory or at site factory under strict quality control and minimal wet site activities. Industrialisation process is an investment in equipment, facilities and technology with the objective of maximising production output, minimizing labour resource and improving quality while a building system is defined as a set 10 of interconnected element that joint together to enable the designated performance of a building. Based on Lessing et al (2005) explained IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process with well planned organization for efficient management, preparation and control over resources used, activities and results supported by the used of highly developed components. Rahman et al (2006) defined IBS as a construction system that is built using pre-fabricated components. The manufacturing of the components is systematically done using machine, formworks and other forms of mechanical equipment. The components are manufactured offsite and once completed will be delivered to construction sites for assembly and erection. 2.2 History of IBS in public housing IBS in Malaysia has began in early 1960s when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries, at the same time evaluates their housing development program. (Thanoon et al, 2003). In the year 1964 and after their successful visit, the Government had launched pilot project on using IBS to speed up the delivery time and built affordable and quality houses. The first pilot project was constructed at Jalan Pekeliling in Kuala Lumpur and about 22.7 acres of land was dedicated to the project comprising four blocks of 4-storey flats and seven blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,000 units of low cost flats for the low and median income group and 40 units of shop lots. This public housing project was undertaken by Gammon/ Larsen Nielsen and this project are using the Danish System of large panels in a industrialised prefabricated system. The construction for public housing project was complete from 1966 until 1968 (around total 27 months) including the time taken in the construction of the around RM 2.5 million casting yard at Jalan Damansara (Thanoon et al, 2003). In 1965, the Government of Malaysia launched a second project, is a three blocks of 18-storey flats and six blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,699 units and 66 units of shop lots along at Jalan Rifle Range in Penang. The public housing project was awarded to Hochtief/ Chee Seng and this project are using French Estoit System (Din, 1984). This public housing project was complete within 27 months. If we are reference to the two pilot projects, a performance comparison between the IBS and the conventional system has been carried in terms of cost, productivity, quality, and time. According to the research, the first pilot project incurred 8.1% higher costs than a similar building and using conventional construction method, while the second pilot project was lower. In term of total construction speed, both of the public housing project required total 27 months to complete the whole project, inclusive of time required to set up the recasting factories. The total quality of building finishes was also found to be better than the using conventional construction method. Another earliest using IBS in public housing project was at Taman Tun Sardon in Penang. These using IBS in public housing project total all about 1,000 units of 5-storey walk up flat and this project are using IBS precast component and system. The IBS precast component and system in the housing project was designed to the low cost housing by British Research Establishment and especially for the low and median income group. According to the research of Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) 2006, almost at the same time at Edmonton in North London, there are using similar system was constructed and total amount about 20,000 BRECAST dwellings were constructed throughout UK from 1964 until 1974. The total all building design was very basic and quite simple and not considering the aspect of serviceability such as the local or user needs to have wet toilet and bathroom (Rahman and Omar, 2006). According to the CIDB (2006), many constructions in the following years using precast wall panel system. Low cost high rise residential building is one of the processes to observe that IBS was engage at first place in the construction to overcome the increasing demand for public housing needs. For all that, in the earlier stage was never sustained for the industrialisation of construction. Failure of early closed fabricated system made the industry afraid of changing their construction method. The information was based on the CIDB (2005), using IBS in construction were also found not be so suitable with Malaysia climate and social practices especially for the foreign systems that were introduced during the late 60s and 70s. Introduced than in the market were constantly being newer and better technologies. Based on CIDB (2005), identified to be more suitable to be used in our tropical climate is the wet joint systems and it was also better to using in the bathroom types which were relatively wetter than those in the Europe. Another about 1200 units of housing using prefabrication technology were is launched by the Penang State Government in 1978. After two years later, the Ministry of Defense to be build around 2800 units of living quarters and adopted large prefabricated panel construction system in Lumut Naval Base (Trikha and Ali, 2004). Increase the using of precast concrete system in high rise residential building during the 90s; this is because total demand for the new township has seen to increase. According to the research, Perbadaan Kemajuan Negari Selangor (PKNS) as a state Government development agency acquired precast concrete technology from Praton Haus International based on Germany to build low cost houses and high cost bungalows between 1981 and 1993 for the new townships in Selangor (Hassim et al, 2009 and National IBS Survey, 2003). It was recorded then; total around 52,000 housing units was constructed and using Praton Haus system. In this booming period of Malaysia construction 1994 to 1997, hybrid IBS application used in many national iconic landmarks such as Petronas Twin Towers (steel beams and steel decking for the floor system). In Malaysian construction industry, the use of IBS as a method of construction is evolving. Nowadays, more local manufacturers have established themselves in the market. Many had acquired enough knowledge through technology transfer to build up own capacity in IBS technologies and this research are base on PKNS Engineering, and Setia Precast and Global Globe. The current stage of IBS used in Malaysia housing projects can be classified into four categories such as large panel systems, steel frame, precast frame and formwork system. It was reported that at least 21 manufactures and suppliers of IBS are actively promoting their systems in Malaysia. IBS move to the next step of the development through the establishment of IBS Centre at Jalan Chan Sow Lin, Cheras in Kuala Lumpur. Using IBS in the construction is to improve the total performance and quality in construction, as well as to minimize the unskilled foreign labour in the construction market. 2.3 Classification of Building System There are four types of building system currently available in Malaysias building system classification and this are according to Badir Razali (1998). The building system can be namely as a Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood; Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork; the Composite building system and Prefabricated system and this four types of building system is shown as below. Each building system is represented by its respective construction method which is further characterised by its construction technology, functional and geometrical configuration. There from the four systems, are identified as IBS excluding conventional building system. Building System Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood. Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork. Composite building system Prefabricated system Table Form Tunnel Form Panel system Frame system Box system Flow Chart 1: Type of building system in Malaysia. 2.3.1 Conventional Construction Method Conventional construction method is defined as components of the building that are prefabricated on site through the processes of timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement, and cast in-situ. This construction method is mostly built of reinforced concrete frames for conventional building. Using the wooden formwork mainly is for the traditional construction method and need take some time to construct the formwork before concreting. This construction method is much more costly for construction which is need includes total labour requirement, raw material, transportation and very importance once is low speed of construction. 2.3.2 Cast In-Situ Construction Method This cast in-situ construction method is more suitable for a country where the unskilled labour is limited. There construction method is not a using heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically and applicable to almost all types of building design. The formwork is used as a mould where wet concrete is poured into a temporary system. The temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The main objective of a cast in-situ construction method is to weed out and reduce the using traditional site-based trades like traditional timber formwork, brickwork, plastering and to reduce foreign workers requirement. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximise the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel or fibreglass or aluminium that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork after finishes construct the formwork. After placing the reinforcement they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set and according to the required strength, the moulds are dismantled. The workers can be easily trained to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. These construction methods are required limited labour and it will reduce the total labour need. Its advantages over the conventional construction method in clude, low skill requirement, speedy construction, low building maintenance, durable structure and less construction cost. 2.3.3 Composite Construction Method The main objectives of composite construction method or call partially prefabricated are to improve quality of components, reduce construction cost, and shorten total all construction time. It is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some industrialising aspects, while avoiding or postponing the use of others. The concept of composite construction method is derived from the composite nature of full industrialisation. The prefabricated construction method is combined in such a manner that the features applied could be prominently demonstrated, especially composing various works such as temporary facilities, building frames, building finishes, and equipments. 2.3.4 Prefabricated Construction Method In this prefabricated construction method, all structural elements can be standardised are prefabricated in the factory. Usually, this construction method would involve the assembly of precast elements such as floor slabs, in-filled walls, bathrooms, staircases, and etc. into place for incorporation into the main units, columns and beams. This method of construction will increase the productivity of the industry and it will reduce the amount of site labour involved in building operations. Precast building systems can overall reduce the duration of a project if certain conditions are met. The last three construction methods (from the flow chart 1) are considered as a non conventional construction methods. These types of construction are specifically aimed at increasing performance of construction. Through the use of better construction machinery, equipment, technology and materials and it will increase the productivity and total quality of work. 2.4 Classification of IBS and Apply to Public Housing According to Badir et al. (1998), IBS can be classified according to several aspects:- Classification according to structural system. Classification according to material. Classification according to relative weight of components. 2.4.1 Classification According to Structural System According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), IBS can be classified according structural systematic aspects. IBS can be classifies into three categories as:- Frame System. Panel system. Boxes system. Figure 1, 2, and 3 shows the concept of the system as classified above. Figure 2: Panel System Figure 3: Box System Figure : Frame System 2.4.1.1 Frame System According to Badir (1998), linear and frame system is system that use main structure such as column and beam where columns and beams support all the building weight. The walls need to be light and easy to install and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element. 2.4.1.2 Panel System According to Badir (1998), in panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls support the building weight. This system is applicable to buildings which functionally require a large number of walls such as apartment house, hotel and hospital. This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories. 2.4.1.3 Box System According to Badir (1998), the rectangular or three dimensional systems or boxes system include those systems that employ three dimensional modules or boxes for fabrication of habitable units that is capable of withstanding load from various directions due to their internal stability. 2.4.2 Classification According to Material 2.4.2.1 Timber The timber have a two types of prefabrication which is ready-cut plus shop fabrication of joints this mostly for the columns and beams and another is structural panels where there are only for walls and floors without columns and beams. 2.4.2.2 Brick and Block work Laying of brick or block work are carried out in a mass at factory and transported to site or on site construction. Besides the, building are under construction in the form of panel and then erected. 2.4.2.3 Steel Steel construction essentially contains factors of prefabrication which is one of the criteria of IBS. Elements are jointed by welding, riveting or bolting on site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building. 2.4.2.4 Reinforced Concrete There are two basic directions in development of reinforced concrete IBS component which is panelised components such as walls and floors and precast frame members such as columns and beams. The characteristic of reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, low material cost, durability, and fire resistance. Jointing at site is the key issue of this system. 2.4.3 Classification According to Relative Weight of Component The IBS components can be classified according to their relative weight as show in Table 1 below. Relative to weight of component should be used as a basic for building classification due to the factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. No General System System Production Material 1 Frame System Light weight frame Wood, light gage metals Medium light weight frame Metal, reinforced plastics, laminated wood Heavy weight frame Heavy steel, concrete 2 Panel system Light and medium weight panel Wood frame, metal frame and composite material Heavy weight panel (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight panel (tilt up-produced on site) Concrete 3 Box system (modules) Medium weight box (mobile) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Medium weight box (sectional) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Heavy weight box (factory produced) Concrete Heavy box (tunnel produced on site) Concrete Table 1: Building system classification according to relative weight of component. (Majzub, 1977) According to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction process that using techniques, products, components, or building system which involve prefabricated components and on-site installation. Base on the structure aspects of the system, IBS can be identified into five major groups:- Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems Precast concrete elements are the most common type in this area. There are precast concrete for columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent concrete formwork. This all item are consider using precast method. Besides that, it is also consist of 3D components such as balconies, staircases, toilets, lift chamber, refuse chambers and etc. This precast method is more famous for the construction industry, especially for the public housing when construct using the IBS. Using this method can saving the total construction time if compare to the using conventional method. Figure 4: Precast concrete wall Steel Formwork Systems This is the system formwork which designed by manufacturer to replace a conventional timber formwork. It can be described as a mould which the wet concrete can be poured into the mould and form the required shape. These steel formworks systems are subjected to structural quality control and generally involve site casting. So, this type of IBS method is considered as the low level or least prefabrication in the construction industry. However, this steel formwork systems does offer fast construction and construction time saving and at the same time will provide high quality of finishes with less site labour and material requirement. These steel formwork systems will include table forms, tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beam and columns moulding forms and permanent steel formworks like metal decks and etc. This steel formwork system also one of the famous system used by the contractor during the construction. Figure 5: Steel formwork system Steel Framing Systems These steel framing systems have always been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast track construction projects and this system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams. Current stage of development in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections. Nowadays, this method are more useful for the housing project, especially apply for the steel roof trusses (show as below figure 6). This is because the timber roof trusses need the labour to take some time to construct it and lastly need the anti-termite for the timber roof trusses. Figure 6: Steel roof trusses Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems. These prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for construct building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses (show as below figure 7). While the steel framing systems have been the more popular choice on construction industry, but the timber roof truss system also have its own market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts. This prefabricated timber framing system we can see in the traditional building. Figure 7: Prefabricated timber framing system for double storey house Block Work Systems. By using this effective alternative system, the tedious and time-consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionized by the development and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks and etc. This is one of the more useful methods to construct the low cost public housing project. Figure 8: Lightweight concrete blocks are used for wall construction Characteristics of IBS for public housing According to Warszawski (1999), the main features of an IBS are as follows:- As many of the building elements are prefabricated off site, at a central facility, where specialized equipment and organization can be established for this purpose. The various building works are incorporated into large prefabricated assemblies with minimum erection, jointing and finishing work onsite. Materials and component handling onsite is extensively mechanized; in concrete work, large standard steel forms, ready-mixed concrete, and concrete pumps are used. Design, production, and erection onsite are strongly interrelated. They must be viewed therefore as parts of an integrated process which has to be planned and coordinated accordingly. According to CIDB (2001), IBS has its own characteristics which are differ itself from conventional method. There characteristics of IBS are as follows:- Industrial production of components though prefabrication; or highly mechanized in situ processes. Reduced labour during prefabrication of components and site works. Modern design and manufacturing methods which has the involvement of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Systematic Quality Control such as ISO 9000 principles. Open Building concept where it is permitting hybrid applications, adaptable to standardization and Modular Coordination (MC). Advantages of IBS for public housing There are many advantages of implementing IBS. According to CIDB (2003), compares to conventional construction method. Following are brief descriptions on a number of advantages where using IBS for the public housing:- Advantages Description Less total construction time. Using IBS will making the construction process faster. Because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at site can occur simultaneously and work at site is only the erection of IBS components. So, the project can complete much earlier that using conventional method and handover to the owners. Cost saving. Faster to the turnover of working capital and also save in the lifecycle costs of the finished buildings. The formwork of IBS components are made of steel, aluminums or other materials that allows for repetitive use and this leads to considerable cost savings. Using IBS will reduce the construction wastage and increasing the cost saving. Saving in labour. Because the IBS components are produced in factory and higher degree of using machine so the use of labour will be reduced and lead to saving in labour cost. According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), the labour savings in prefabricated elements may amount to about 80% of their conventional requirement. So, will reduced the total foreign workers need in the construction industry. Less labour at site. Using IBS will reduce the construction process at site and consequently reduce the number of labour required at site. Using the IBS will saving of the labour in the masonry, plastering, formwork, tiling and pipe laying such as electrical and water supply at site. Optimised use of materials. Using machine during the production of IBS components lead to higher degree of precision and accuracy in the production and consequently reduce material wastage. So, the wastage at site will be reduced if using the IBS. High quality and better finishes. Quality control is an ever-increasing requirement in all construction. Due to the careful selection of materials and use advanced technology, so the IBS components will provide higher quality and better finishes. Better quality control since production in factory is under sheltered environment. Better quality will reduce the maintenance expenses because prefabricated components require less repair and preventive maintenance. Construction operation less affected by weather. The effects of weather on construction operation are less due to the fabrication of IBS components is done in factory while at site is only erection of the components. Faster project completion due to rapid all weather construction. Flexibility. Different systems may produce their own unique prefabrication construction methods. IBS will provide more flexibility in the design of precast element. Increase site safety and neatness. This method will lead to the neater site condition and increase safety. Using IBS components leads to less construction process especially for the wet work at site. Disadvantages of IBS for public housing Although there are a lot of advantages of IBS, however there are limitations for this system to be use too. Nothing in this world is perfect, so as using IBS. Disadvantages of IBS are as follows:- Advantages Description High initial capital cost. The initial capital cost of IBS is usually higher that conventional method. The initial cost is including the cost of constructing the factory, casting beds and support machinery. This method only can be achieved when undertaking large demand for public is housing projects. Problem of joints. These method are very sensitive to the errors and sloppy work. This joint problem will be the water leakage and is often the major problem in building constructed where using IBS. This problem is clearer in Malaysia where raining occur rapidly throughout the year. Sophisticated plants and skilled operators. The prefabrication system relies heavily on sophisticated plants, which have to be well coordinated and maintained by skilled operators. Breakdown in any one section would hold-up the entire production line. Site accessibility. Site accessibility is one of the most important factors of the implementation of IBS. IBS requires adequate site accessibility to transport IBS components from factory to the site. According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), the transportations cost of prefabricated elements from plant to their construction site, amount to 3% to 5% of their total cost for distances not exceeding 50km to 100km. Large working area. Building construction using IBS requires a large working area for the factory, trailers, tower-cranes and storage for the IBS components. Most construction sites especially in cities are often congested and unable to provide the area required. Hence, prefabrication is at disadvantage when asked to complete for work at locations far from the fabrication yard. Table 2 shows as the relative advantages and disadvantages of industrialization under various conditions. Table 2: Relative advantages and disadvantage of industrialization under various conditions. IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 Prefabricated construction in Malaysia started way back almost fourth years ago with the completion of the Tunku Abdul Rahman Public Housing Estate or commonly known as the Pekeliling Flats. No proper plan was formulated by the government for the industrialisation of construction and until the inception of the IBS Roadmap 2003-2010. This is a master plan to facilitate the transformation the Malaysian construction sector was formulated with inputs from industry and endorsed by the Cabinet back in October 2003. Known as the Industrialised Building System (IBS) Roadmap 2003-2010, the master plan is based on the 5-M Strategy (Manpower, Materials-Components-Machines, Management-Processes-Methods, Monetary economic and financial and Marketing promotion) with the target of having an industrialised construction industry as well as achieving Open Building by the year 2010. The transformation of the construction sector is crucial in ensuring the successful achievement of Vision 2020. The objectives of IBS Roadmaps 2003-2010 are:- To reduce the percentages of foreign workers from the current stage is 75% to 55% in 2005, 25% for 2007 and 15% for 2009. Increasing the percentages of using IBS for the Government Building Project from the 30% to 50% for 2006 and 70% for 2008. To increasing the quality, productivity, safety and competitiveness in the construction sector. To reduce the total percentages of foreign workers especially involved in wet trades. Using modular co-ordination (MC) based on MS 1064 through Undang-undang Kecil Bangunan Seragam (UKB

Why Smart Phones Should Be Banned in Class

The cons of cell phones in school are numerous. The source of much public debate, the issue of whether to allow children and teens to bring their mobile phones to school has been discussed ad nauseam clear across the country, but even now, there is no clear-cut answer, solution or conclusion. Below we will discuss the many reasons why it might not be a good idea to allow the use of cell phones in the classroom. There are many reasons why cell phones should not be allowed in the classroom. Distractions When a child is in school, his or her purpose there is to learn, whether it be about Columbus sailing the ocean blue or about how electricity works. Young people are more easily distracted than their elders because they tend to have shorter attention spans. If they become bored with the class material, it doesn't take much for them to take out a Motorola Razar to play some cell phone games. How can you expect a teen to absorb all that knowledge if they're not even paying attention. Cheating Obviously, kids won't be able to take out their cell phones and talk to one another in the classroom during an exam, but the concept of â€Å"passing notes† has stepped into the age of technology, thanks to the advent of text messages. These can be sent quite discretely while in the classroom. Taking it one step further, a student can excuse himself to go to the washroom, only to use that time to send text messages and leave voice mails. You also have to bear in mind that cell phones are advancing and improving faster than ever. Certain smart phones can surf the Web (looking for test answers), others have advanced calculators, and depending on the software, it may even be able to run custom applications. The possibilities for cheating and copying are literally limitless, and thus another con of cell phones in school.

My Criminal Behavior Survey

1. If research were to significantly indicate that the tendency to commit crime is inherited, what should be done about or for the children of violent criminals? If research were to indicate the tendency to commit crime is inherited it would change our government significantly. A huge upheaval regarding rights of the citizens would take place. In foreign countries (population control) would be the only answer to control tendency from literally controlling the population. Children of violent criminals should be placed with family members whenever possible.Children may also need some type of therapy. Programs should be set up to monitor these children. Over the past century it has been cropped that the debate of nature verses nurture is an issue. 2. What programs should society implement and why? Programs should be implemented for our children’s needs. Children may need help from psychiatry and a social worker to help them with their problems. Our children’s needs should be kept in mind at all times to teach them good things in life. Children should be educated on how to live a better life, a crime free life.Programs to promote sports and self-confidence for children teach them how to have a better life. Our children deserve a good life. 3. What would be the social, policy, and ethical implications? Social and policy implications would be the guidelines, activities and principles that affect the living conditions of human welfare. They deal with the social issues within the public. Ethical implications would be the mortality that is implied by social issues and the policies. The ethical implications may be that children may follow in their parent’s footsteps. References www. google. com www. chacha. com www. weegy. com

Dicks Sporting Goods Mission Statement - 990 Words

Dicks Sporting Goods Mission Statement Dicks Sporting Goods, â€Å"Dicks,† is a great in store and online retailer that carries a very extensive assortment of name brand products. They specialize in products which range from sports equipment like footwear and apparel to equipment for outdoors activities like hunting, fishing and hiking. With a superstore format, Dicks offers a wide variety of merchandise from large vendors such as Nike, Calloway, Columbia Sportswear, and Adidas. The company was founded in 1948 by Dick Stack at the age of 18. Stack came up with the idea while working at an Army surplus store in Binghamton, New York. The owner wanted to get Stack’s opinion on whether it would be a good idea for the store to offer fishing†¦show more content†¦Even though Dicks is a premier retailer on the market, there are three suggestions that I would give a marketing manager to improve the company’s overall status would be to research newer products and improve existing ones, start a sports nutrition section in their store, and focus on improving employee knowledge on store products and different types of sports training. I believe the company could try and focus more on developing a Dicks’ value brand of sports equipment. This could help athletes training from lower income houses because they would be able to afford all or multiple sets of equipment to enhance their training experience. Expanding or developing a sports nutrition section would help Dicks to break into a market which has been previously untouched by the company. Offering nutritional products would add to the overall superstore concept where a customer can get all their shopping done in one location. And finally to improve customer service Dick s could start a company program whose priority is to hire retired athletes who have better knowledge of sports and extreme physical training. In general an employee with previous sports training experience is going to have a better feel for what type of equ ipment is applicable for different training situations. With these improvements I think that Dicks Sporting Goods could enhance their customer satisfaction tremendously and propel the company even higher in its revenueShow MoreRelatedMini Ethnography : Dick s Sporting Goods1443 Words   |  6 Pages Mini-Ethnography: Dick’s Sporting Goods Allen Mumm Organizational Communication Professor Baumann March 27, 2017 An athletes dream or even a sports lover’s store of preference, Dick’s Sporting Goods located at its new location is a spectacle to see. 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